COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO POEMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Thoroughly analyze TWO POEMS - Essay Example The sonnet fundamentally manages the prompt worries of endurance and traveling through the uncovered and now and then dull conditions that were ordinary impediments during this time in African-American people group. She reveals to her child to continue pushing ahead: â€Å"So, kid, don’t you turn around/Don’t you set down on the steps† (14-15). The precious stone step functions admirably as an illustration forever; her recommendation not the slightest bit tends to the subtleties or progressively positive parts of life, however basically the need to endure and get past the day. Meinke’s sonnet, while likewise communicating his recommendation to a child, is altogether different in introduction and explicit substance. As with Hughes’ sonnet, the essayist is talking straightforwardly with the target group and offers guidance through symbolism and representation. As per Meinke, the motivation behind life is to live each day completely while additionally getting ready for what's to come. Excellence on the planet assumes a significant job in carrying on with a full life. The creator expresses that â€Å"Beauty is nectar/And nectar, in a desert, saves† (Meinke 13-14). The sonnet finishes on a telling note in regards to the delights throughout everyday life and the need to appreciate each experience and encounters: â€Å"And consistently serve bread with your wine/But child, consistently serve wine† (21-22). Meinke’s sonnet communicates conclusions that Hughes’ mother can't completely comprehend; for her, in light of the difficulties she knows and encounters every day, the advantage of getting a charge out of life’s progressively positive contributions is an outside idea. Hughes and Meinke have introduced two varying perspectives that compare a world loaded with excellence with that of a progressively desolate, boring condition. The two sonnets effectively pass on parental concerns and useful tidbits that are to enable their individual children to live and work in the worldâ€the fundamental distinction being that Hughes’ mother makes progress toward straightforward endurance, while Meinke’s parent can

The Role of Media in Perpetuating Unrealistic Female Body Images free essay sample

The Role of Media in Perpetuating Unrealistic Female Body Images Portrayals of high style models in print media has since quite a while ago made a ridiculous perfect self-perception for ladies and in spite of some ongoing efforts (e. g. , Dove and Nike) to depict typical measured/molded ladies, the drop out from the romanticized pictures has not been beautiful (joke planned). Research has indicated that females are often influenced, contrarily, by their powerlessness to accomplish as well as keep up the slimness that is the sign of the romanticized female body type spoke to in print media. Groesz, Levine, and Murnen (2002) call attention to that slimness is installed in magnificence standards, yet in addition in beliefs of ethical quality in that the great young lady shows by keeping up her slenderness that she is in charge of her wants while anticipating herself as the object of want for other people. Owen and Laurel-Seller (2000) talk about how heavier bodies, and bigger confined bodies are not just seen as ugly and explicitly unappealing, the proprietors of those bodies are regularly characterized as languid, lacking poise, and lacking prudence and Griffin and Langlois (2006) found that engaging quality was seen as being identified with supportiveness, insight, and benevolence. What is intriguing in any case, is how much the glorified body, introduced in the media, depends on falsehoods. History of the Ideal Female Form Dereen and Beresin (2006) clarified that principles of excellence for females have for some time been ridiculous and hard to achieve. They note that, generally, riches has consistently permitted more prominent access to the magnificence perfect and that torment was normally a segment of accomplishing the perfect (e. g. , undergarments, powders with arsenic and lead in it to brighten the skin, foot authoritative, careful expulsion of ribs, and so forth ). The torment of the cutting edge lady is discipline so as to accomplish a slenderness that is undesirable. Hess-Biber (2007) deconstructs the pattern toward slimness inside women's activist talk, as a social response toward restricting womens space and as ladies have requested more space by moving into the open circle. She takes note of that development out into the open space has brought about progressively prohibitive social standards that inexorably limit their bodies. After the subsequent universal war, ladies came back to the home in huge numbers bringing about a meaning of magnificence that allowed bigger bodies with delicate bends and full figures as was obvious during the 1950s, anyway as females started to make the move over into the open circle, bodies started to shrivel once more, in a way that was like the ultra-slim type of the post-testimonial development, the innocently slender flapper of the 1920s. Todays dainty perfect is significantly increasingly thin, however then todays lady has considerably more than the vote. Perfect Female Form in the Media According to Groesz, Levine, and Murnen (2002) the media is the most intense and most forceful purveyors of pictures and accounts of perfect thin magnificence (p. 2). Martin and Kennedy (1993) propose that the propagation of harming standards of physical engaging quality might be unintended side-effects, anyway they do demand that understanding the causes and results of promoting results must be analyzed and tended to. Obviously, women's activist talk, for example, that portrayed by Hess-Biber (2007) would contend that the harm isn't accidental in any way. Magazines, TV, film, the web, internet based life, and publicizing efforts are all, truth be told, complicit in propagating a perfect of extraordinary slimness as an essential segment of ladylike excellence. Moreover, as ladies have taken up significantly a greater amount of the open circle, the limitations upon their bodies have gotten much increasingly rigid. Guillen and Barr (1994) noticed that the models in their magazine study not onlyreflected the accentuation on slenderness/ They additionally found that the models had gotten progressively more slender. Derenne and Beresin (2006) likewise noticed that models during the 1980s were about 8% more slender than normal, however in 2006 they were 23% more slender than the normal lady in spite of the fact that they propose that increasing heftiness rates may likewise add to this measurement. Innovation has been utilized to attept to shroud how harming the slight perfect has become via enhancing with Photoshop away all proof that the starving stray meager models in the magazines are experiencing diminishing hair; blotched,â unhealthy skin; dark circles under the eyes; and different indications of sick wellbeing because of their seriously underweight conditions and correcting has been utilized to add bends to skeletal structures with jutting ribs/collarbones and depressed cheeks. Actually, Hardy (2010), a previous manager of Cosmopolitan, said that ladies wouldnt long to be super-slender in the event that they could perceive how monstrous it truly was, however enhancing with Photoshop conceals all that grotesqueness and she adds her voice to the interest to quit digitally embellishing and making difficult to achieve goals of female excellence. She additionally noticed that artificially glamorizing isnt confined to mold magazines, even wellbeing and wellness advancing magazines, for example, Self have needed to correct to make the models look greater and more beneficial and Jane Druker, editorial manager of Healthy magazine (sold in wellbeing food stores) confessing to modifying a glamor girl. Magazines Guillen and Barr (1994) factually broke down sustenance and wellness articles and body shape portrayals in 132 issues of Seventeen that were distributed somewhere in the range of 1970 and 1990. In their writing audit they examine contemplates that show magazines are a critical wellspring of nourishment data, for youths and youthful grown-ups. They detailed that the dominating messages in womens magazines were centered around abstaining from excessive food intake and exercise to accomplish a perfect body shape and their examination found that this message was repeated in the young people magazine that they assessed. They found that half of the significant sustenance related articles concentrated on weight reduction and every one of these articles clarified the connection among abstaining from excessive food intake and improving ones appearance. Moreover, in spite of the fact that they saw the sustenance prompt as precise, they clarified that there was little given to enable their perusers to evaluate whether they expected to get in shape and they discovered a portion of the weight control plans were excessively prohibitive. They clarify that 51% of the wellness articles portrayed exercise systems to advance weight reduction and 74% refered to appeal as a result for participating in a wellness or exercise plan. Promoting Guillen and Barr (1994) found that 24.8% of the 1459 commercials they looked into, in the twenty years worth of Seventeen magazine issues, were for diet camps and another 12. 3% were for weight control items. They likewise noted, in any case, that 14. 4% of the commercials were for candy, nibble food, and drinks. Groesz, Levine, and Murnen (2002) likewise notice the clashing promoting messages that push high caloric nourishments with low dietary benefits close by articles and commercials for weightloss. In Guillen and Barrs (1994) writing survey, they noticed an expansion in the pervasiveness of both heftiness and anorexia nervosa/bulimia in juvenile ladies during the beginning of the wellness blast during the 1970s and 1980s which might be inferable from the clashing messages of weight reduction; a perfect, yet unachievable, body type; and unhealthy, low nourishment food. TV and Film Grabe, Ward, and Hyde (2008) clarify that slender on-screen characters rule the TV screen and they note that on-screen characters, models, Playboy centerfolds, and even animation characters have gotten progressively more slender to the point that a large number of them are regularly more slender than the standards for anorexia (p. 460). In an examination directed by Raphael and Lacey (1992) they found that 69% of female characters on TV were so slim they had all the earmarks of being anorexic and Hawkins et al (2004) found a comparable body structure in most of ladies on TV, one that incorporates restricted hips, long legs, and in any event 15% beneath the normal womans weight. Percy and Lautman (1994) analyzed depictions of ladies in the media and announced that the perfect 1894 female model was 54 tall and weighted 140 pounds. By 1947 the perfect model was fifteen pounds lighter and in 1970 models were relied upon to be at any rate 58 tall and 118 pounds. An intriguing investigation directed by Becker et al in 2002 was connected by Derenne and Beresin (2006) demonstrated how the acquaintance of TV with Fiji in 1995 definitely changed the body perfect of ethic Fijians. Preceding the presentation of TV this culture supported a hefty body type, shunned eating less junk food, and revealed just one instance of anorexia nervosa. In 1998, abstaining from excessive food intake was an occupied with by 69% of the populace and dietary issues were getting significantly more predominant and the adolescent clarified the motivation for this new conduct was because of the presence of the entertainers in the projects they viewed. Ramifications of Idealizing the Female Form Female fixation on the dainty perfect self-perception is connected to negative practices, for example, abundance eating less junk food, low confidence, eating less junk food and in outrageous cases gloom and dietary problems. Grabe, Ward, and Hyde (2008) examine the ramifications of the out of reach slim perfect portrayal of ladies, in the media, from the point of view of development hypothesis and social learning hypothesis that recommends that rehashed presentation to media content leads watchers to start to acknowledge media depictions as portrayals of the real world and that the meager perfect lady is standardizing, expected, and key to attractiveness(p. 460). Groesz, Levine, and Murnen (2002) led a meta-examination of twenty-five investigations (n = 2,292) and they found that 86% of the examinations checked on found a little, however steady, negative impact on body fulfillment levels in females presented to thin-perfect media pictures, with more youthful females ( 19 years of age) and those with a background marked by body disappointment issues indicating the best negative effect. Self-perception Disturbances and Psychological Dysfunctions Groesz, Levine, and Murnen (2002) portray examines that show that a moderate level of [body] disappointment (p. 2) is presently viewed as an ordinary part of being a woma

Blog Archive Professor Profiles James Van Horne, Stanford Graduate School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles James Van Horne, Stanford Graduate School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose which business school to attend, but the educational experience itself is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  James Van Horne  from the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB). In an interview with mbaMission, an alumnus described James Van Horne  (“Topics in Corporate Finance”)  as an “old school professor,” because he addresses students formally, calling them “Mr./Ms./Mrs.” He is notorious for cold-calling students, and once he has selected a student to cold-call, often focuses on that same student for the duration of the class. As a result, students tend to prepare for his class with vigor. The alumnus added, “He pushes and pushes to make you justify every excruciating detail of your decisions, and will force you to make a definite decision before continuing with the discussion.” An advanced finance class open to second-year students, Van Horne’s “Topics in Corporate Finance” class indicates in its course description that it is a quasi-seminar, because 50% of the sessions involve case discussions and enrollment is limited. The course focuses on applications of such finance topics as capital structure, distribution policy, mergers an d acquisitions, and corporate restructuring. Van Horne is now professor emeritus at the GSB and is a recipient of the school’s MBA Distinguished Teaching Award (1982, 1997) and Sloan Teaching Excellence Award (1997). For more information about the Stanford GSB and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) Blog Archive Professor Profiles James Van Horne, Stanford Graduate School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose which business school to attend, but the educational experience itself is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on James Van Horne from the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB). In an interview with mbaMission, a Stanford GSB alumnus described James Van Horne (“Topics in Corporate Finance”) as an “old school professor,” because he addresses students formally, calling them “Mr./Ms./Mrs.” He is notorious for cold-calling students, and once he has selected a student to cold-call, often focuses on that same student for the duration of the class. As a result, students tend to prepare for his class with vigor. The alumnus added, “He pushes and pushes to make you justify every excruciating detail of your decisions, and will force you to make a definite decision before continuing with the discussion.” An advanced finance class open to second-year students, Van Horne’s “Topics in Corporate Finance” course indicates in its description that it is a quasi-seminar, because 50% of the sessions involve case discussions, and enrollment is limited. The course focuses on applications of such finance topics as capital structure, distribution policy, merge rs and acquisitions and corporate restructuring. Van Horne is now professor emeritus at the GSB and is a recipient of the school’s MBA Distinguished Teaching Award (1982, 1997) and Sloan Teaching Excellence Award (1997). For more information about the Stanford GSB and other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

Marketing Cats Cafes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1369 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? MARKETING: CATS CAFES So far, CATS Cafes is a popular and productive business that specialises in the distribution of sugar, chocolate, and tea both at wholesale and retail levels. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effective leadership has been useful in helping the CATS Cafes attain its objective. The organisation leadership has also been useful in supporting the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current development. The business mission is to provide quality products to its customers. The business is equally involved in the promotion of fair trades that benefits producers. However, despite witnessing significant development, the business has been experiencing regrettable challenges in its market promotion plans. Therefore, the knowledge on the current academic theories will be essential in helping CATS Cafes advance its marketing programs. The available information states that since its establishment, the company has been witnessing sustainable growth. The organisation growth has led to job creation and establishment of essential programs that support environment sustainability. The business also has strong and reliable customer royalty. Furthermore, the business has been witnessing the growth on its production line. However, for a company to effective progress in the modern competitive market, the organisation managers should consider initiatives that would support relationship-marketing plans. In its new marketing plan, the organisation managers have the mandate of ensuring that community members and potential customers are adequately involved in the promotion of the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products and services. The involvement of customers in the business marketing plans will largely help CATS Cafes managers understand market needs and the trend in customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests. In most instances, the knowledge on customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ need and market trend help business entrepreneurs advance the quality o f its products to meet the market ever-changing needs (Stephanie Joanna 2004, p.289). Moreover, based on the current CATS Cafes popularity, the inclusion of effective marketing relationship initiative in its marketing and promotion plan will be essential in supporting the reduction of the business production cost, advancing personalised attentions, and increasing the production of unique goods and services So far, the CATS Cafes advertising initiative are ineffective and unproductive. As a result, the company is facing major challenges in promoting its products in the new and existing markets. The increase of competitors in local markets has also reduced the business profitability. Additionally, the accessible data indicates that CATS Cafes management team does not have the necessary skills and competence on advertisement. In addition, as Catherine observes, the cost of hiring external promotion agency is relatively high. Currently, the company use printed media and local radio in promoting its products. However, to progress in the modern market, CATS Cafes leaders need to make effective application of the knowledge on relationship marketing initiatives. Modern relationship marketing will assist CATS Cafes leaders appreciate the need to adopt effective initiative for retaining its customers (Estell 2002, p.41). Effective adoption and application of relationship-building relationship is also essential in creating reliable and sustainable competition strategies (Mitchell 2002, p.30). The creation of reliable competitive advantage will also be useful in helping a business reduce its promotion costs. In addition, the knowledge on the most reliable means of applying modern relationship marketing initiative will be critical in minimising the current ever-increasing promotion cost. The knowledge on the existing marketing theory will also be of the essence in helping CATS Cafes managers adopt effective plan for dealing with the modern ever-increasing market com petition. Currently, Catherine and Jeff appear to have varying opinion on the most productive mean of progressing in the current market. In his argument, Jeff appears to be supporting consolidation initiative as the most reliable mean of being competitive in the modern market. On the contrary, Catherine prefers expanding the business production and distribution line. However, as indicated in critical marketing theory, knowledge is subjective and personal (Greenley, Hooley, Saunders 2004, p.933). Therefore, both Catherine and Jeff have unique skills and competence on the most reliable mean of managing the business. Therefore, to address the looming differences between the CATS Cafes managers, the two leaders should agree on the most effective promotion strategy for helping the business to be productive in the modern market. However, the new plan should aim at helping the company attain its immediate and long-term marketing goals (Barry 2011, p.638). Currently, CATS Cafes is witne ssing marketing expansion challenge due to its limited marketing programs. A good number of the existing marketing initiatives are relatively expensive and ineffective. The current CATS Cafes marketing initiatives have as well reduced the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competition advantages. Moreover, the high number of new entrants in the market appears to have undermined the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development opportunities. However, as indicated in the marketing management theory, abiding by the existing organisation culture is relatively useful in helping a business progress in modern intricate market. Therefore, despite numerous marketing challenges, CATS Cafes should develop initiatives that coincide with its organisation culture. In addition, the new initiatives should aim at helping the organisation create a mutual and productive relationship between the organisation and its customers. The knowledge on the existing theories will also assist in the creation of mechanisms to help in expanding the business outlets (Goulding 2004, p.294). The knowledge on the existing marketing theories and models will equally be useful in helping CATS Cafes adopt competitive promotion initiatives. The existing models such as relationship marketing will help CATS Cafes in establishing, enhancing and maintaining long-term relationships between the company and its customer. Relationship marketing is also beneficial in facilitating the creation of effective and mutual relationship between business leaders and other customers (Bolton, Ruth, Kannan, Bramlett, Matthew 2000, p.107). The creation of mutual relationship between CATS Cafes leaders and customers will be critical in helping the company meets its objective of expanding its customer base. Effective and mutual customer-business relationship will also assist in sharing critical information that will help the company compete effective in the modern market. Relationship marketing will also help CATS Cafes in ident ifying their customers, develop customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ knowledge, define customer perception on the business products, and build reliable customer organisation relationship (Barlow 2000, p.3). The knowledge on the existing marketing theories and models will largely help CATS Cafes create effective and favourable strands in its marketing. For instance, effective application of marketing management theory and relationship marketing model will be useful in helping CATS Cafes have beneficial customer management plan (Berry 1995, p.237). Additionally, the knowledge and skills on relationship marketing will be essential in assisting CATS Cafes create affinity marketing and business-to-business marketing models. Scholars further reveal that skills and competence on the most effective mean of applying relationship-marketing initiatives will be of the essence in helping CATS Cafes adopt cost-effective legal relationship, strategic thinking plan, and productive sale management (Berry 1995, p.237) Subsequently, based on the existing research findings and empirical data, the knowledge on the existing theories and models will be useful in helping CATS Cafes deal with its current marketing challenges. Relationship marketing model will also be helpful in assisting the organisation integrate customers and other valuable stakeholders in the business promotion initiatives. The inclusion of stakeholders will be critical in increasing the number of the organisation loyal customers. Relationship marketing will also be useful in retaining business customers and increasing the number of royal customers. Therefore, to succeed in the modern market, CATS Cafes leaders have a collective responsibility of understanding and making effective utilisation of the existing theories and models List of references Barlow, R., 2000, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Frequency marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s next?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Direct Marketing, 62(9), 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"4. Ba rry A., 2011, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Marketing theory and critical phenomenology exploring the human side of management practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Marketing Intelligence Planning, 29, (7), 628-642 Berry, L., 1995, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relationship marketing of services-growing interest, emerging perspectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4), 236à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"245 Bolton, Ruth N., Kannan, P. K., Bramlett, Matthew D., 2000, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Implications of Loyalty Program Membership and Service Experiences for Customer Retention and Valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 95à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"108 Estell, L., 2002, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Loyalty lessonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Incentive, 176(11), 38à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"41 Goulding, C., 2004, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a comparative analysis of three qualitative strategies for marketing researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , European Journal of Ma rketing, 39, (3), 294-308 Greenley, G., Hooley, G. and Saunders, J., 2004, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Management processes in marketing planningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , European Journal of Marketing, 38, (8),933-956 Mitchell, A., 2002, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Consumers fall by wayside as CRM focuses on costsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Marketing Week, 25(50), 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"31 Stephanie M. Joanna P., 2004, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relationship hindrance: why would consumers not want a relationship with a retailer?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Journal of Retailing, 80, (1), 289à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"303 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marketing: Cats Cafes" essay for you Create order

Defining The Goals Of A Manager Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1775 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? A person who works with other people as well as making sure that things are done right and efficiently. What are the functions of a manager? Which is the most important? Explain. A manager; Plan Organize Lead Monitor Planning is the most important of all, because it concerned with the future impact of todays decisions. It is the fundamental function of management from which the other four stem. The need for planning is often apparent after the fact. However, planning is easy to postpone in the short-run. Postponement of planning especially plagues labor oriented, hands on managers. EXPLAIN MINTZBERGS MANAGERIAL ROLES. Figurehead: All social, inspiration, legal and ceremonial obligations. In this light, the manager is seen as a symbol of status and authority. Leader: Duties are at the heart of the manager-subordinate relationship and include structuring and motivating subordinates, overseeing their progress, promoting and encouraging their develo pment, and balancing effectiveness. Liaison: Describes the information and communication obligations of a manager. One must network and engage in information exchange to gain access to knowledge bases. Monitor: Duties include assessing internal operations, a departments success and the problems and opportunities which may arise. All the information gained in this capacity must be stored and maintained. Disseminator: Highlights factual or value based external views into the organization and to subordinates. This requires both filtering and delegation skills. Spokesman: Serves in a PR capacity by informing and lobbying others to keep key stakeholders updated about the operations of the organization. Entrepreneur: Roles encourage managers to create improvement projects and work to delegate, empower and supervise teams in the development process. Disturbance handler: A generalist role that takes charge when an organization is unexpectedly upset or transformed and requi res calming and support. Resource Allocator: Describes the responsibility of allocating and overseeing financial, material and personnel resources. Negotiator: Is a specific task which is integral for the spokesman, figurehead and resource allocator roles. DESCRIBE THE SKILL THAT A MANAGER NEEDS TO HAVE IN OTHER TO ACHIEVE HIS/HER OBJECTIVES. WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT AND EXPLAIN? For a manager to achieve his/her objectives, he must have these skills. ÃÆ' ¢- Technical skills : The manager should be proficient at specific tasks. This in turn helps to provide the credibility or knowledge to persuade people to do certain things. ÃÆ' ¢- Human skills : The manager has to know how to work with people. ÃÆ' ¢- Conceptual skills: The manager can see the organization as a whole. In other words, there has to be some ideas of the organization and what it does and how it interacts with other organizations to achieve positiv ity. Conceptual skills are used in planning, dealing with ideas and abstractions to make a good decision. In this case, permit me to say that Conceptual skills is the most important of all, hence the most important skill of a manager is to understand people and what makes them motivated to do the work in the achievement of certain goals. 6. Is a sales representative (an entry level job in a making organization) in charge of a territory considered a manager? A sales representative is someone who deals with the customer directly and while a manager is the person who sets the strategic plans, organize, monitor and deriving the company or organization. In this case a sales representative is not in any condition considered the manager. 7. LIST THE SIX MANAGEMENT THEORIES AND DESCRIBE HOW EACH IS USED BY MANAGER TODAY. (i) Contingency Theory: When managers make a decision, they must take into consideration all aspects of the current situation and act on the main situation at h and. Basically, it can say to be the approach that it depends. For example, the continuing effort to identify the best leadership or management style might now conclude that the best style depends on the situation. (ii) System Theory: First we define a system: It is an organized or complex whole; A combination of things or part forming a complex or unitary whole. Systems Theory is based upon the analytic division of the natural world into environment and systems. A system can be looked at as having inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the systems. Lets take for instance an organization. Inputs would include resources such as raw materials, money, technologies and people. These inputs go through a process where theyre planned, organized, motivated and controlled, ultimately to meet the organizations goals. Outputs would be products or services to a market. (iii) Chaos Theory: It deals with the changing relationsh ip between order and disorder in the behavior of natural or social systems. It offers management science insight about where and when management control is reasonable or possible and at what scale of organization such control efforts are best directed. In short, the dialectics between freedom and necessity vary across causal fields; (iv) Expectancy Theory: Talking about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. Expectancy theory predicts that employees in an organization will be motivated when they believe that: * putting in more effort will yield better job performance * Better job performance will lead to organizational rewards, such as an increase in salary or benefits * These predicted organizational rewards are valued by the employee in question. This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided ar e those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients. (v)Path-Goal Theory: The Path-Goal Theory otherwise known as path-goal theory of leader effectiveness was developed to describe the way that leaders encourage and support their followers in achieving the goals they have been set by making the path that they should take clear and easy. The revised version also argues that the leader engages in behaviors that complement subordinates abilities and compensate for deficiencies. (vi)Goal Setting Theory: Setting goals and objectives is considered very important for people to be successful in starting their own business. Looking at how goal setting theory and practical techniques can serve your personal interests. Personal goal setting helps not only your productivity and motivation, but also your self-realization, self-image, self-esteem and confidence. Not only in your job or business, but in all spheres of your life. 8. LIST THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND WHICH YOU BELIEVE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT AND THE REASON FOR YOUR BELIEF. a. Aggressive b. Team Oriented c. Outcome Oriented d. Stable. e. People Oriented f. Innovation g. Detail Oriented Team Oriented (the most important and the reason for my belief) Today in the business world team-oriented work plays vital role; Simply the organizations wont perform but the people. When it comes to people there should be a team individuals cant perform whatever they want in an organization they have to form a team and perform individually as well as teams. 9. RANK THE EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INNOVATIVE CULTURE AND YOUR REASONS FOR RANKING THEM IN SUCH ORDER. Challenger, Modifier, Dreamer, Practicalize, Sustainer, Synthesizer, Planner and Innovator. The value of course is in the combinations of each of these orientations within teams and the organization. The Creative Inventory is an on-line questionnaire that enables individuals to identify their own orie ntation and underlying drivers. When shared with others this becomes a powerful tool that helps understanding and appreciation of the strengths each brings in our world. 10. LIST ALL THE STAKEHOLDERS OF A COMPANY AND STATE WHICH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT IN YOUR VIEW AND WHY? A company shareholders group may include the below as the case maybe depending on the type of company; Director, Management, Suppliers, Government, Employees and the Community. In my own view, Director or board of Directors are the most important of all because a board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. 11. IF YOU ARE THE CEO OF A GLOBAL CORPORATION, WHICH ONE OF THESE ATTITUDES WOULD YOU ADVOCATE IN YOUR ORGANIZATION- ETHNOCENTRIC, POLYCENTRIC, OR GEOCENTRIC? Geocentric is the best attitude to advocate into my organization. As a CEO of a global corporation it is vital to understand where your business is operatin g, in order words I do think geocentric, its a world oriented view that focus on using the best approaches and people from around the globe. 12. Define the following (i) Corporate Social Responsibility: Corporate Social Responsibility provides a practical resource for the ever increasing number of organizations concerned about social responsibilities in the context of sustainable development on economic and are interested in developing tools to improve their performance and accountability in these areas. The focus of the journal is on practical advice for the development of tools, practical case studies and an assessment of the relative strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. It encourages debate over the development of issues as well as monitoring the demands being made of various stakeholder groups. It discusses issues of methodology, principles, practice, science, technology and law. It is a refereed journal and contributions of a high quality aimed at an interdis ciplinary audience are invited. (ii) Ethics: Defining the word itself; Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality; that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice, and virtue as the case may be. 13. OUTLINE THE EIGHT STEPS IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS. 14. IF YOU ARE AN ENTREPRENEUR WHO HAS JUST STARTED A COMPANY, WHICH DECISION MAKING STYLE WOULD YOU TEND TO GRAVITATE TOWARDS? EXPLAIN. For a new company to stay on top of its competitors I believe that participative decision making style will be suitable. Participative decision making, as a leader I will involve all members of the organization. Other perspectives of the situation are discovered because the leader deliberately asks and encourages others to participate by giving in their ideas, perceptions, knowledge, and information concerning the task. 14. What are the common decision making errors and biases? How can a man ager avoid them? a). Overconfidence bias: This occurs when decision makers tend to think that they know more than they do or hold unrealistically positive views of themselves and their performance. b) Self Serving bias: is where decision makers are quick to take credit for their successes and blame failure on outside factors. c). Availability bias: It occurs when decision makers remember events that are the most recent d). Confirmation bias occurs when decision makers seek out information that reaffirms their past choices and discounts information that is contradictory. e). Selective perception bias: This is when decision makers selectively organize and interpret events based on their biased perceptions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Defining The Goals Of A Manager Business Essay" essay for you Create order

The Failure of the Progressive Movement - 550 Words

Although the Progressive Era managed to solve much of the backwater left over from Industrialization, it failed in regards to discrimination. America would have to wait decades later for the issue of civil equality to truly be addressed. Due to the apathy of the politicians during that time, the desperate need for a scapegoat, and the hypocrisy people displayed when confronted with the topic, the movement that was intended to achieve â€Å"progress† in society completely forgot about equality. Possibly a result of the lingering sentiments of racism from the time of slavery, politicians remained unwilling to confront the idea of discrimination. Hopeful candidates running for any public office had to appease as many voters as possible, and this often meant not angering those who still held onto racist ideologies. One can clearly see Taft attempting to skirt the issue of discrimination in his inaugural address in 1909. Here the president states that racial inequality in the South was a non issue and should be allowed to fix itself. One year later in 1910, Roosevelt gave his â€Å"New Nationalism† speech to the people of Osawatomie, Kansas. He makes the declaration that the government should not be influenced by special interest groups, which is essentially a nice way of saying that he will do nothing about discrimination. Both presidents, who were considered by many to be progressive approached inequality with a lazy, slothful demeanor, so it is hardly surprising that the issue wasShow MoreRelatedThe Progressive Movement in the US Essay648 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle, The Failure of Progressivism by Richard Abrams, he says the progressives mostly sought to introduce old moral beliefs on Americans by trying to integrate Immigrants by making them accept the ways of American life. But Abrams states those goals were ruined for important motives. 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Including Accessibility Promotional Benefits-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Including Accessibility And Promotional Benefits? Answer: Introducation The rise of digital technologies and its integration into the world of film have been well analysed in the past to understand its potential implications on a wider aspect. With this advancement, there has been the advancement of availability of three-dimensional space and sound in the production of cinemas. Films today have a vast difference with that of old times. The shift from the physical film into the digital has eventually prompted the film industry to witness a massive change that is outright comprehensive. However, it is to be noted that though such a change has occurred, some personalities making films in the contemporary era express grief and are lamented (Dix 2016). In the present essay the author argues that though the film industry is embracing the use of digital technology and is open to the shift from physical film to digital, there is a tendency to mourn this change. The essay would first carry out an assessment of the argument that comes forward in association to fil m production and its flexibility and affordability. The purpose would be to highlight the benefits of the same. There would be an elaboration of the same through evaluation of the means of distribution including accessibility and promotional benefits. The film Godzilla would be analysed for supporting the arguments. According to Locke (2016) since the change in film making is not a representation of the fundamental break from audiovisual and cinematic history, the present film making signifies the integration of the association between digital technologies and past cinematic techniques. As technology is being perceived to be increasingly advanced, the tendency is now to utilise digital film making techniques at the optimal. Film makers are confronted with the chances of elimination of celluloid with the entry of digital technology. Metz and Britton (2016) support this idea and state that filmmakers are moving directly into digital forms of hardware and software as a contrast to celluloid since this permits a more efficient, faster and easier process of picture making. In addition, digital media also has the capability to bring enhancement in the experiences of the audience due to the better quality image as well as sound. It is to be noted that the recent change has been responsible for elicitin g a celebration of the present technology and an essence of reminiscence of the past. The possible benefits and advantages of digital cinema are constantly being recognised, and filmmakers are utilising these as per their suitability. It is, therefore, to be stated that the industry is going through a phase of both uncertainty and curiosity for the coming future, and grieving for what has been left behind. A logical solution would perhaps be attained if the past is admired and the new culture is clinched on to. Change is a natural process, and there is not denial in that. As per the discussion put forward by Bordwell and Thompson (2013) the primary reason why some film makers at the present time are in staunch support of the modern day technology is that there is a chance of lower production cost when a comparison is done with physical film. The cost of film making mainly revolves around costs for special effects and talent costs. Due to the fact that actors who are well-recognised and famous can raise awareness about the film and contribute to increased public connection, filmmakers consider it a valuable option to provide them with huge fees. Such an example is appointing actor Aaron-Taylor Johnson for the famous film Godzilla where the actor had to be paid a large sum of money. He charges such a high amount since he is famous and well known in Hollywood as well as across the world and has been attracting a large section of the viewers. The impact of this is a lower risk of incurring a loss from the film making. In addition, since audiences prefer s pecial effects and realism, fil makers spend a decent amount on special effects and realistic sets. The film Godzilla had most of its content based on special effects and computer-generated images (CGI). Nevertheless, the movie has instilled within itself an essence of the past. The movie has its opening credit involving footage involving nuclear tests in the previous black and white format, taking us back to the era of the 1950s. It then cuts the shot to 1999 where the scenes revolve around the skeletonised carcass of Godzilla. The scenes show, at present times, the return of Ford to home from the US navy (Dew, 2014). Though there is a sense of nostalgia through the scenes of past, the use of modern technology is there. The rationale behind this is low production cost. The second factor that comes into focus in this discussion is the flexibility of the production. The reason for grieving for the celluloid and death of physical film is the flexibility of the production of films. It is to be objectified in here that inclusion of modern medium might have given rise to visual effects that are efficient and spectacular; however, the shading palette and rich texture of the images could not be overtaken (Child 2016). The novice technology has permitted merging of movie making techniques. Creation of special effects and editing of these is now easier by rewriting, reshooting and restaging. The movie making process has, therefore, become more accessible and revisable. Filmmakers at the present time are showing keenses to produce digital films. A live example is a movie Godzilla. The main character Joe contrasts with Ford as Ford is not keen to recall the past while Joe is not able to overcome the grief of losing his wife. The movie has attempted to showcase the concept that it is completely explicable to get back into the past. However, the present too holds much importance since digital use brings into focus the past too. Moreover, digital technology permits an absence of all the actors in a simultaneous manner. The green screen has enabled actors to act out as per the script in front of it after which that is put against the required pictorial environment. In the movie Godzilla, the scene where Ford has to encounter Godzilla and MUTO has been completely done in a digital studio. The digitalisation of the scenes has been prominent in here (Dew 2014). Burch (2014) study that another prime reason behind the rapid integration of digitalisation into films and the wide support given to the elimination of physical filming technique is a better distribution of films. As the authors suggest, there has always been a huge interest in attracting the public through advertisements. The industry has wide potential, starting from early times, to advertise and market the products. The realism of modern that films, that are uncanny, are used as a tool for increasing the interests of the public as this tool is amazing with a promotional function. Film makers can now distribute the films through different platforms such as television trailer and YouTube channel. These channels have made capacities to go viral and form the base for mass consumption of the films. Media publicity for the film is quite high. In Godzilla, Fords son is found to watch television to see destruction being done by Godzilla (Dew 2014). This is a reflection of the fact that be tter distribution of information is an outcome of digital technologies. Although the use of advanced and modern day technologies is imperative, the utilisation of old media cannot be denied. The last section of the discussion would highlight sustainability and cost-effectiveness of distribution. There is more convenience in distributing digital films. As stated by Kerrigan (2017) cost saving has become a chief incentive of embracing the change. The two most common delivery system is shipping by hard disk nd streaming through internet cable or satellite link. While new technologies are used, the traditional methods are also there. In the movie Godzilla, the time of loading of vintage nuclear test footage by Serizawa is shown by a videocassette recorder in the opening credits (Cheney 2014). Distribution of films might be convenient through modern methods as there is a negligible loss of information when transfer is through computer media. However, distribution through shipping ensures that a broader mass is communicated and reached up to for the distribution purpose. Overall, digital movies allow essential conversions in connection with film distribution due to cost effect iveness. The above essay gives rise to the conclusion that there is an evident struggle between embracing the present day technology and moving forward from the past. Due to the fact that the concept of modern day technology is widely complicated and multivalent, this transition has both positive and negative aspects to it. Despite the fact that a number of film makers are grieving the celluloid era and not in a position to embrace the change, the change is here to stay. This can be attributed to the change in film distribution and production process. The amalgamation of embracing the modern technology and nostalgic feeling can be successfully understood from the famous film Godzilla. This film marks the coming together of both the eras. All must agree to the fact that for remaining successful in the modern times, one must be ready to embrace the coming changes. References Bordwell, D. and Thompson, K., 2013.Film art: An introduction. McGraw-Hill. Burch, N., 2014.Theory of film practice. Princeton University Press Cheney, A., 2014. Godzilla director: the film takes itself very seriously. Child, B., 2016. Steven Spielberg warns VR technology could be'dangerous' for film-making. Dew, S., 2014. Godzilla. Film. Directed by Gareth Edwards. A Legendary Pictures Production, 2014.Religious Studies Review,40(4), pp.217-217. Dix, A., 2016.Beginning film studies. Oxford University Press. Kerrigan, F., 2017.Film marketing. Routledge. Locke, J. W., 2016. The end of cinema?: a medium in crisis in the digital age. Metz, C. and Britton, C., 2016.Psychoanalysis and cinema: The imaginary signifier. Springer.

Persuasion, Closure, and Vulnerability in Mamets Glengarry Glen Ross

Free Essays on Variations Of The Word Love

love are used in the commercial industry. It also shows how the â€Å"vacancies† are filled in with enough of the hearts and lace to be sold. Even though the vacancies are filled with such trivial and meaningless shows of the emotion love, a few of us latch onto the existence of the idea of love and even wait for it to hit us in the face. Nevertheless, as described by Ms. Atwood, the waiting deafens us. â€Å"Then there’s two of us. This word is far too short for us, it has only four letters, too sparse to fill those deep bare vacuums between the stars that press on us with their deafness.† (21-27) She tells us in this quote that even though there is an â€Å"us†, the word love is much... Free Essays on Variations Of The Word Love Free Essays on Variations Of The Word Love Poetry Explication of â€Å"Variations on the word Love† by Margaret Atwood Margaret Atwood’s poem â€Å"Variations on the word Love† is her own cynical views on the word love itself and how it is used too frequently, which has resulted in it becoming almost of no value. The author, who is also the speaker, is articulating the significance of how the word love has become adulterated, trivialized and commercialized. Ms. Atwood is attempting to show how, in her opinion; the word love has reached a point where it has lost its impact and true meaning. Love itself is described as a powerful emotion for another person manifesting itself in deep affection, devotion or sexual desire often occurring suddenly and without warning. As human beings, we require love to be in our lives and are happier when we feel it ourselves. Ms. Atwood's simple â€Å"poem† becomes so complex as it shows her opinion coming across as distain of the manner of which it is now used. â€Å"It’s the right size for those warm blanks in speech, for those red heart-shaped vacancies on the page that look nothing like real hearts. Add lace and you can sell it. (Margaret Atwood â€Å"Variations on the word love† 2-7) It is in this quote that shows the speakers view on how the words love are used in the commercial industry. It also shows how the â€Å"vacancies† are filled in with enough of the hearts and lace to be sold. Even though the vacancies are filled with such trivial and meaningless shows of the emotion love, a few of us latch onto the existence of the idea of love and even wait for it to hit us in the face. Nevertheless, as described by Ms. Atwood, the waiting deafens us. â€Å"Then there’s two of us. This word is far too short for us, it has only four letters, too sparse to fill those deep bare vacuums between the stars that press on us with their deafness.† (21-27) She tells us in this quote that even though there is an â€Å"us†, the word love is much...

Mobile Banking and Crowdsourcing and Networking Research Paper

Mobile Banking and Crowdsourcing and Networking - Research Paper Example Experts suggest that success rates can be relatively high in the case of smishing attacks. In case of vishing, voice communication is used to obtain unauthorized access to an individual’s account information. In cloning, identity of one mobile phone is copied to another and this practice gives the hacker access to user’s bank account details (Mobile banking overview 2009). Finally, a stolen or lost smartphone may give the victim’s account details to outsiders. In all these cases, the reliability of mobile banking transactions is challenged. B. Admittedly, the development of PDAs, iPads, e-Readers has drastic effects on items like newspapers, paper books, music CDs, and game DVDs. According to a report, the circulation of print newspapers has been alarmingly declining since early turn of the 21st century (The State of the News Media). The same trend is reported in the case of paper books too. Compared to printed newspapers and books, online books and news media are more convenient and cheaper to users today. To illustrate, many of the online books and news channels are available absolutely for free of cost and a user can obtain required information quickly using search options. Similarly, the sale of music CDs and game DVDs has been significantly dropped with the innovation of devices like PDAs and iPads. People can easily and freely download music and game products directly from the internet using those devices. A. While comparing with the traditional marketing, advertising, product testing, and product design with corresponding crowdsourcing based methods, it seems that crowdsourcing constitutes the future of content marketing. â€Å"Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributors from a large group of people and especially the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers† (  Kimbrough, 2013). Since the major aim of every business is to design

Procurement route Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Procurement route - Essay Example The clients specify the budgetary constraints to the consultant who are then supposed to determine the targets and requirements from the business case prepared by the client. As the requirements and specification are prepared by different entities, certain amount of time is spent in the transformation and is hence slow in comparison to other approaches. This approach has also not been found to be suitable for complex construction projects due to a lack of prolonged involvement of the client in the design and build, due to which there is a gap between desired outcomes and the actual implementation. There is a greater degree of sub-contracting of certain aspects of the construction to specialized sub contractors due to which work progresses on numerous fronts simultaneously, which is why it is suitable for fast-track and complex projects. An additional management contractor is employed to maintain correspondence with all elements connected with the project involved in the project. This way, the management contractor has full freedom to choose specialized companies to handle specific works of the project qualitatively and at a brisk pace. This approach also provides less cost certainty as both design and construction commence at the same time, which means adjustments and modifications to cost, budget and raw materials always take place. The preceding paragraphs have described the various procurement routes that have evolved as part of the process of procurement. However, not all are suitable in the current context of the issue surrounding the Conlon’s Chemicals site. As such, it is deemed appropriate to evaluate each procurement approach with the given problem and arrive at the most suitable procurement route. The client in this case has only specified the budget and has made it clear that the cost of the two projects have to stay within the specified budget. When considering the traditional

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System Literature review 2.1 RFID The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is a technology for automated  identification. Exploration of RFID technology dates back to 1948 when Harry Stockman published his  research titled Communication by means of the reflected power. Unfortunately technologies such as  integrated circuits, transistors and microprocessors were not yet available and RFID had to wait another  20 years for its first commercial application (Landt 2005). Between 1970 and 1980 several research  laboratories and academic institutions carried out work on RFID implementations for animal tracking,  theft prevention, item labelling and access control systems (Want 2006). Regardless of these  applications, RFID systems remained obscure for many years. The first significant change to this  occurred in the early nineties when companies across the world began to use RFID tags on a large scale  due advancements in their energy efficiency and size reductions (Landt 2005).   Todays systems are usually composed of either passive or active RFID tags and RFID readers.  Active tags contain their own power source and thereby can transmit stronger signals and can be  accessed from further distances. Most commonly they operate on the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band  and can achieve up to 100 metres range depending on the surrounding environment (Weinstein 2005).  There are currently two types of active tags. Transponders, also called semi-active tags, and Beacons.  Transponders stay in standby mode until receiving signal from the reader and then transmit a signal  back. Beacons emit signals and advertise their presence at pre-set intervals. Because of their on board  power source, active tags are expensive, priced from $20 to $70 and vary in size from 2 centimetres  upwards (Williams et al. 2014). Passive tags do not incorporate a power supply and are powered by the  electromagnetic signal received from the reader through the tags antenna. The y operate on low, high  and ultra-high frequency with signals ranging up to 10 metres depending on the tags backscatter power  (Weinstein 2005). The smallest passive tags can be size of a grain of rice and cost 1/10 of the price of  the active tag (Williams et al. 2014).   Silva, Filipe and Pereira (2008) proposes a RFID based student attendance recording system  that comprises of RFID readers operating at the 125 Kilohertz (KHz) frequency with an effective read  range up to 10 15 centimetres and passive RFID tags embedded into plastic cards. The tags store a  binary identifier which is unique to each student. Readers are connected to the local network with RJ45  connector through which they transfer scanned tag id to the server using the Transmission Control  Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). At least one reader is mounted in each of the classrooms and  students need to take their card out and place it near the reader in order to register their attendance.   Nainan, Parekh and Shah (2013) claimed that a similar RFID attendance registration system setup  decreased the time needed to record a students attendance by 98% compared to the manual entry  method. Collected data shows that the RFID system was able to record the attendance of 5 students per  second, however considering the short effective read range we have to conclude that multiple readers  were used during that experiment to achieve such result. Despite advances over the paper based  registers, efficiency of attendance systems based on passive RFID tags is limited by the number of  readers located in the classroom. Analogous systems based on the active RFID technology could  increase ids collection efficiency by scanning multiple tags simultaneously from a further distance  (Yoon, Chung and Less 2008), however such systems would introduce a number of additional  technological and social issues. Bandwidth limitations coerce RFID tags to share a common broadcast  frequency and as a consequence multiple tags responding concurrently to the same reader can cause  packet collisions. Therefore to solve these issues, advanced anti-collision algorithms and methods must  be employed during development process (Bin, Kobayashi and Shimizu 2005). Increased reading range  additionally raises serious privacy concerns as the users location could be tracked without their own  consent (Ferguson, Thornley and Gibb, 2014). 2.2 Biometrics Numerous properties must be satisfied to categorise the biological measurement of a human  physiological or behavioural characteristic as biometrics. The characteristics should be unique, every  person should have it and it needs to be accessible so it can be measured. There are a number of different  studies exploring biometric authentication for attendance registration systems. 2.2.1 Voice recognition Recent experiments by Dey et al. (2014) explore the capabilities of an attendance registration  system based on voice recognition. The main core of the system is a Linux OS server integrated with a  computer telephony interface (CTI) card and pre-installed with interactive voice response (IVR)  software. The server is accessible only from the previously pre-defined phones which are installed in  the classrooms. Using installed phones users have to record a reference voice sample to enrol into the  system. During enrolment users are provided with a unique four digit speaker identification then they  are asked to read for 3 minutes text of their own choice. Enrolled users can register their attendance by  entering the previously received speaker identification number and then answering some simple random  questions generated by the system. The system logs user attendance if the recorded speech matches the  stored reference sample. Initial system evaluation performed o n the group of 120 students indicated  very low efficiency. In order to achieve 94.2% recognition rate, each user needs to produce at least a 50  seconds sample. Authentication time is additionally extended by an average 26 seconds computational  time needed to analyse provided speech sample. Additional limitations come with the maximum number  of 32 concurrent calls that each server can handle. In essence, a long compulsory enrolment process,  the unnecessary burden of remembering a personal speaker identification number and the poor  registration efficiency time make the system a poor candidate for large group registers.   2.2.2 Fingerprints According to Akinduyite et al. (2013) fingerprint attendance management systems can be more  reliable and efficient than the voice based equivalent. They have achieved 97.4% recognition accuracy  with an average registration time of 4.29 seconds per student. The system implements fingerprint  scanners connected to a centralised server through the existing Wi-Fi infrastructure. As with the voice  recognition system, an administrator has to capture reference fingerprint data from every user before  the system can be used. Collected fingerprint templates are stored on the server in a Microsoft SQL  Server database and later used to match scanned samples. Almost identical recognition rate of 98.57%  was achieved by Talaviya, Ramteke and Shete (2013) in the similar fingerprint system setup. Analogous  to the RFID based systems, the efficiency is closely related to the total number of the available scanners.   2.2.3 Automated Face recognition All of the prior systems require users to provide a biometric sample manually by using one of  the available scanners located in the environment. Kawaguchi et al. (2005) proposed a considerably  different solution which automates sample collection. They introduced a face recognition method based  on continuous observation. The system requires two cameras streaming live data to the centralized unit  with preinstalled face detection and recognition software. The first camera, called the sensing camera  is installed on the ceiling and points towards the rooms sitting area. The second camera, called the  capturing camera is located in front of the seats to capture students faces. The sensing camera scans  over the room in order to detect seats occupied by the students. Received image data is analysed using  the Active Student Detecting (ASD) method developed by Nishiguchi et al. (2003). Once a student is  detected, the system directs the capturing camera to the found lo cation. The face image collected from  the capturing camera is then processed by the system and the students attendance is recorded if a  matching template is found. Experiments in which the described system was evaluated on a group of  12 students revealed 80% accuracy in engaged seats detection and the same level during face detection.  The whole experiment took 79 minutes in which 8 scanning cycles were performed, resulting in 70%  total accuracy for the attendance registering. Despite advances in automated biometric samples  collection, the described system seems to be inefficient, especially if we consider time required to  collect and analyse samples on such small group of students. Additional issues may arise if there are  any obstructions in the room which can restrict the cameras view or if a low ceiling prevents sensing  camera from covering the entire seating area. 2.2.4 Summary The biometric systems have many advantages over the other authentication technologies. The  biometric characteristics are tightly linked to the owner and can prevent identity theft, are difficult to  duplicate and are very convenient as they are always available. Despite all these advances, all the  biometric systems share serious ethical, social and security implications. It was evidenced by many  researchers that there is a fear of biometric technologies on the whole. The individuals and potential  system users are concerned about privacy, autonomy, bodily integrity, dignity, equity and personal  liberty (Mordini and Tzovaras 2012; Kumar and Zhang 2010). The system administrators have  additional overhead with the security of the collected biometric data. The individual biometric  characteristic cannot be replaced if they get stolen, therefore the legal responsibilities whilst storing this  kind of data are colossal. 2.3 Wi-Fi An interesting and novel attendance registration method was proposed by Choi, Park and Yi  (2015). The authors created a system which incorporates Wi-Fi technology built into smartphone  devices. They had developed two versions of a smartphone application, one for the lecturers and one  for the students. When a class session starts the lecturer has to create a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) using  his version of the application. The students attend the lecture and scan for the available Wi-Fi Access  Points and if the lecturers AP is discovered and students device stays in its range for specified amount  of time then attendance registration process is triggered. To overcome limitations with the maximum  number of concurrent connections that single AP can handle, the created students version scans only  for the nearby networks but never connects to the found APs. Attendance is registered by submitting a  Message Digests 5 (MD5) hash token that combines a Service Set Identif ier (SSID) of the found AP  and students smartphone Media Access Control (MAC) address. The hash token is uploaded to the  server which verifies submitted data and registers the students attendance in the local store. The system  architecture requires collection of the reference MAC address of all the students for the purpose of the  later validation. The study does not describe what smartphone models were used throughout the  experiment, but it seems that they did not consider privacy features on iOS devices. According to Apple  (2013), since the release of iOS 7.0, the MAC identifier is no longer accessible through third party  applications, moreover after iOS 8.0 release, real device MAC address is hidden from the access points  and swapped with a randomly generated one (Apple 2015 A). Taking into account that over 98% of  iOS devices run on iOS 7.0 and above (Apple 2015 B), only confirms that the proposed system design  should be reviewed again. 2.4 Other 2.4.1 QR Code with face recognition Fadi and Nael (2014) combined biometrics with Quick Response Codes (QR). The proposed  methodology requires lecturers to generate a unique QR code and display it in the class. In order to  register their attendance, students need to download a mobile application, install it on their smartphones  and use it to scan the presented QR code. The scanned code is then submitted to the server via the  existing University Wi-Fi infrastructure. Furthermore the application performs an identity check by  scanning the students facial image which is later used to create matching score by analysing a reference  image stored on the servers. Lecturer can manually validate submitted images to confirm a students  identity if a low matching score raises any concerns. The QR code image could be effortlessly forwarded  to other students outside the classroom, therefore the system also collects a location stamp on the code  submission. The apparent vulnerability of the system lies in the number of technologies that it depends  on. Authors assumed that every student will have a smartphone device with front and back facing  cameras for the facial images and the QR scans and also a Global Positioning System (GPS) module  which will be accessible during the registration stage. Each classroom has to be also equipped with a  large screen to present codes to the students and this may not always be available.  

Saving Private Ryan Essay -- Film Movies

Saving Private Ryan In his review of the film â€Å"Saving Private Ryan†, N.Cull claims that the film presents†¦ â€Å"a realistic depiction of the lives and deaths of G.I’s in the European theatre in World War II†. Do you agree with his assessment of the film? Argue your case. N.Cull’s assessment of the film Saving Private Ryan in that it portrays â€Å"a realistic depiction of the lives and deaths of G.I’s in the European theatre in World War II† is an accurate one. Director Stephen Spielberg brings to the audience the â€Å"sheer madness of war† and the â€Å"search for decency† within it. That search ends for a group of soldiers whose mission it is too save Private Ryan. Although the film shows horrific and realistic battle scenes along with historically correct settings and situations with weapons and injuries true to their time, the film’s portrayal of war goes a lot deeper than that. The expressions and feelings of soldiers along with their morals and ideology are depicted unifyingly with the horror of war. The lives and deaths of American soldiers in the immediate part of the invasion of Normandy are illustrated more realistically than ever before. Saving Private Ryan captures the â€Å"harsh reality of war as authentically as possible†. The films historical accuracy of the Omaha beach landing begins with the â€Å"angry sea† and the timing of the attack, taking place at dawn. The film starts with Ryan in old age remembering his fallen comrades and then the story goes back in time to the events from there. A group of armed soldiers aboard a transport vessel look almost discarnate as the boat is tossed around the ocean. The soldiers do not pay attention to the orders they are given. (Perhaps a cause of why there is so much confusion and disorganisa... ...Ryan may not be a complete representation of the invasion of Normandy because of its need to provide a storyline and make a profit at the cinemas. Yet its accurate historical detailing enables N. Culls assessment of the film to be â€Å"a realistic depiction of the lives and deaths of G.I’s in the European theatre in World War II† Bibliography Primary Sources D. Breger. Private Breger in Britain. London, 1944 J. Robert Slaughter. D-Day, 1944. Source analysis. Sir W. Churchill. Words at War. June 15, 1940 Secondary Sources American Historical Review. Vol 103 no 4. October 1998 R. Wolfson. Years of Change 1891-1995. Hudder and Slaughton. London, 1993. S. Spielberg. Saving Private Ryan: The Men. The Mission. The Movie. http://www80.homepage.villanova.edu/james.dion/over.html 18/09/2001 T. Edwards. D-Day. Wayland Publishers. London, 1975.

Growing Pluralisation and Fragmentation of Policing Essay

This essay aims to explore Button’s (1996) claim that ‘the growing pluralisation and fragmentation of policing†¦has challenged the public police’s claim that to be the primary policing force’. In order to do so, it will provide a general definition of both the public and private policing bodies within the United Kingdom, followed by a brief look at the history of the public Police, their progression and integration with private agencies. The essay will go on to discuss pluralisation and fragmentation, and how these are reflected within the context of the topic. Finally it will identify how various financial constraints have resulted in cutbacks and forced ‘hybrid’ policing in many areas. It will conclude with a reiteration of the main points, supporting Buttons claim that the public Police are not the primary policing force. Within this essay it is not possible to draw a definitive distinction between public Police and private policing bodies or indeed the perimeters in which each work, it is however important to understand the difference between the Police and ‘policing’ – a social function that Reiner (ibid:722 in Button 1996) describes as: ‘An aspect of social control processes which occurs universally in all social situations in which there is at least the potential for conflict, deviance, or disorder.’ Today the word ‘Police’ is used in many civilised countries to describe an organisation whom uphold the law and order in society (Met Police, 2012). Button (1996) describes the Police as: ‘The body of men and women employed by the state who patrol the streets, deal with crime, and ensure order and who undertake a range of other social type functions’. It could it be reasonably argued that the primary difference between public and private police is legislative powers i.e. public police have powers of arrest for arrestable offences not committed within their view where there are reasonable grounds for suspicion (private police can`t make these kinds of arrests) (Citizens Advice Bureau 2012). Circa 1856 members of public, ordinarily the victims, largely conducted policing activities. Any person suspected of committing a crime would be taken to the ‘Parish Constable’, an unpaid position to uphold order (Victorian crime and punishment, 2006). The Police as we know them today were formed in 1829 following the collapse of the ‘Parish Constable’ system (Met Police, 2012). Home Secretary of the time, Sir Robert Peel, was responsible for passing the first Metropolitan Police act forming the Metropolitan Police force, although this only really came to fruition in 1839 when the new City of London Police took control of all independent police activities (Met Police, 2012). G4S (2012) explain that private Police enterprises started out as a very basic, 4-man bicycle team, providing a guard-protection force. ‘The earliest roots in the UK appeared in 1935 when a former cabinet minister launched ‘Night Watch Services’. Historically, pre World War II, private security was frowned upon, seen as thuggery, sneaks and spies with private interests, however, since the War private security has been accepted as a supplement to the much-overburdened public Police. More recently governments have actively encouraged the commercial private sector support to Police, accepting that the extensive and complex nature of crime requires more than the Police have to offer (Bayley and Shearing, 1996). To fully address Button’s statement, it is necessary to understand the definition of pluralisation and fragmentation, and importantly how this is represented within the context of the statement. It is generally accepted that, in many countries, ‘policing’ is now both authorised and delivered by diverse networks of commercial bodies, voluntary and community groups, individual citizens, national and local governmental regulatory agencies, as well as the public police (Jones and Newburn, 2006). Jones and Newburn (2006:6) continue, suggesting that there has always been an array of policing bodies however the last decade has seen a rapid increase in ‘visible’ policing providers. While Bayley and Shearing (1996) note that: ‘In the past 30 years the state’s monopoly on policing has been broken by the creation of a host of private and community-based agencies that prevent crime, deter criminality, catch law-breakers, investigate offences, and stop conflict. The police and policing have become increasingly distinct.’ It is this fragmentation or use of numerous agencies to uphold law and order within the community that Button refers to as pluralisation. Whilst we can say that policing bodies have been coexistent for some time; in recent years heavy financial constraints placed upon the public Police have forced a much larger, lateral, recruitment of private agencies to assist in back room and specialist Police departments. Newburn and Jones (2002) suggest that this may be due to: ‘Increasing constraints on police expenditure and that, as a consequence, other forms of provision have expanded to fill the gap.’ This largely came to the public eye in 1983 when the Home Office issued a circular (114/83, Manpower, Effectiveness and Efficiency) outlining the need for the Police force to demonstrate value for money in line with other public services (Smith and Henry, 2007:27 in Johnston, 1992). During the 1980’s Conservative administrations offered national police forces, financial incentives to, where possible, employ civilians in positions that did not require police power, training or experience (Jones and Newburn, 2002). This, however, is not a new concept, as explained by Jones, Newburn and Smith ((1994) in Jones and Newburn, 2002), ‘the employment of civilians in the police service has a long history, dating back to the early stages of this century’. Changes forced by financial shortages are highlighted by Houghton (2012), suggesting that due to budget constraints policing bodies have been forced to look at radical options such as privatisation as opposed to more common measures previously used like a minimum rate of change. Chief Superintendent Phil Kay was quoted in the Guardian (2012), as overseeing the joint West Midlands/Surrey â€Å"transformation† programme, designed to deal with the challenging financial conditions the force currently faced. As part of the programme West Midlands and Surrey constabularies intend to out source a variety of policing activities such as investigating crimes, developing cases, managing intelligence, as well as more traditional back-office functions, such as managing forensics, finance and human resources. In 2010/11 the Police Officer training course profile consisted of a 95 day course followed by three further 5 day interventions over the full 2 year probationary period. The total cost of training a police officer under this model was estimated at  £16,694 (the Met, 2011). These figures are in addition to a starting wage in the region of  £28,000 –  £32,000 per annum, housing allowance, contributions to private health care, free eye tests/spectacles and a London based Police Officer could expect to receive an additional  £6,500 per annum (The Met, 2012). In 2009-2010,  £1 from every  £7 of tax paid in England and Wales was used to pay a Police pension (The Telegraph, 2012). It is difficult to determine an accurate figure as to the raw cost of just one Officer per annum. However, when you begin to assess a similar monetary breakdown for a private contractor conducting a policing activity, such as a public space CCTV operator, the costs are poles apart. Individuals can complete a 30 hour course that will impart sufficient specialised knowledge for the user to be deemed competent and ‘possess the legal and technical expertise to operate CCTV systems according to the latest industry standards and the BS standard’, for a cost of approximately  £150 (AAB Training, 2012). Following the introduction of the Private Security Industry Act in 2001, to legally operate CCTV within a public space, operators must hold a current SIA licence, available at a cost of  £220 (SIA, Home Office, 2012). In a recent paper the Home Secretary, Right Honorable Theresa May MP (2010), claimed that: ‘Spending on the police has increased by 24% in real terms since 2000/01 and stands at  £13 billion a year today. Over the past decade the focus on public spending has been on money rather than value for money†¦ Government and police forces have wasted money.’ In the UK, Police are continually trying to ensure that there is a â€Å"visible presence†, a member of the uniformed police, on the streets. However in 1985 Bayley documented that in the United States of America, due to ‘staffing and deployment rules, 10 additional officers must be hired in order to get one extra uniformed police officer on the streets around the clock throughout the year’ (Bayley 1985, as cited in Bayley and Shearing, 1996). They continue to state that the incremental cost of a unit of â€Å"visible presence† on American streets is, therefore, about $500,000 – 10 times a patrol officer’s average annual salary plus benefits (Bayley and Shearing, 1996). More recently in the UK financial constraints on the public Police have resulted in numerous cases of ‘outsourcing’ of back room and support staffing from the private sector. G4S have won several contracts to support the Police including a support services contract with the Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Constabularies. Managing Director of G4S Policing Support Services, John Shaw states: ‘Clearly in these times of austerity forces are investigating alternative ways of delivering the support services that underpin effective and efficient police operations and we are confident that by working with G4S the three forces will be able to make considerable savings which they will be able to redirect to frontline policing (G4S, 2012)’. ‘Many UK forces face budget cuts and had considered outsourcing work to save cash and bridge a 126 million pound funding gap.’ (Reuters 2012). As we can see, budgetary constraints have forced the public Police to investigate various options in order to maintain society’s persistent desire to see the Police force ‘policing’, as in on the streets. This need to reassess and outsource has naturally left a ‘grey area’ in the classification between the state, tax funded, public Police force and commercial, private policing bodies. Loader’s (2000) theory, that this shift in approach, ‘Police to policing’, is a transformation. He describes policing bodies that range from Government Police, through to ‘hybrid’ agencies, government provided services including CCTV monitoring etc. etc. (Loader, 2000, as cited in Mazerolle and Ransley, 2005). In 2003, following a Government Green paper, Policing: Building safer communities together (Tim Newburn, 2012), the first key, high profile, ‘hybrid’ style organisation designed as an integral support unit to the Police was formed. Whilst the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) was created and is funded by the central Government it remains operationally independent of the Police. Again a ‘grey area’ emerges as recruitment is often from within the various established Police departments, NCIS, NCS MI5. The emergence of such hybrid policing is one of the largest and least studied changes affecting law enforcement. Largely as a result of privatisation and contracting-out, Britain now has the following semi-private, semi-public bodies: the Atomic Energy Agency Police; the Transport Police; the Customs and Excise Investigation Division; the National Rivers Authority, the Post Office Investigation Department; and so on and on (The Economist, 1997). Whilst many see the ever increasing ‘privatisation’ of the public Police force and their roles, it is important to remember that this is not a new concept. Private security agencies have been assisting in law and order in the UK for centuries; many have come to rely on them, seeing them as an integral part of homeland security. The Shadow Home Secretary, Yvette Cooper, recently stated that the future of policing should be based upon the principles set out by Sir John Peel, suggesting that ‘Public–private partnerships can be really important for the police, especially on things like new technology, and the police will need new contracts (The Telegraph, 2012)’. On one hand the continued employment of private sector personnel to conduct backroom and technical policing activities fulfills the need of Police Officers to be seen to be ‘policing’ however in doing so it fuels the fire for the pluralisation and ‘hybrid’ policing bodies that are becoming increasingly common throughout the UK. As Button suggests ‘Policing has become pluralized. Police are no longer the primary crime-deterrent presence in society; they have been supplanted by more numerous private providers of security (Bayley and Shearing 1996: 588).’ In conclusion, there are many things that have shaped and changed the way in which the Police force operate and the manner in which they uphold the law. However, the role of the Police Officer has changed dramatically over the years, the UK population has increased exponentially, they have faced severe manning and budgetary cutbacks, coupled with the rapid pace of evolving criminality, all of which have forced the Police to assess what are the core functions that cannot be filled by anyone other than a uniformed, lawful, Police Officer with powers of arrest. As a result out sourcing to experts and or backroom personnel is rapidly becoming the norm. In essence Button’s claim is true, due to financial constraints and social change, the public Police are no longer the primary policing force, more accurately it is a ‘hybrid’ of both the public Police assisted by numerous private and Governmental agencies. References AAB Training, (2012), ‘CCTV Training Courses’, http://www.aabtraining.co.uk/security_training/cctv_training.php, (Accessed 30th October 2012) Button, M. (2002) Private Policing, Cullompton: Willan David H. Bayley; Clifford D. Shearing (1996), ‘The Future of Policing’, Law & Society Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 585-606 G4S (2012), ‘Electronic monitoring for Scottish Government’, http://www.g4s.uk.com/en-GB/Media%20Centre/News/2012/09/21/Electronic%20monitoring%20for%20Scottish%20Government/, (Accessed 17th October 2012) G4S (2012), ‘History’, http://www.g4s.uk.com/en-GB/Who%20we%20are/History/, (Accessed 17th October 2012) G4S (2012), ‘Police outsourcing statement’, http://www.g4s.uk.com/en-GB/Media%20Centre/News/2012/08/22/Police%20outsourcing%20statement/, (Accessed 17th October 2012) John Houghton, (2012) â€Å"The â€Å"not so new† plans to privatise policing†, Safer Communities, Vol. 11 Iss: 4, 191 – 194 Les Johnston (1992) in David J. Smith and Alistair Henry, (2007), ‘Transformations of Policing’, The Trajectory of Private Policing, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd Loader, (2000), From Police to policing: transformation and pluralisation, in L. Mazerolle and J. Ransley (2005), ‘Third Party Policing: Cambridge’, 19 Reuters (2012), ‘West Midlands police latest to axe outsourcing plans’, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/11/22/uk-britain-police-outsourcing-idUKBRE8AL0BB20121122, (Accessed 22 November 2012) Security HR (date unknown), ‘Public Police and Private Security’, Impact of Blurred Boundaries on Accountability ‘Gap’, http://www.securityhr.co.uk/Private-Security-and-Public-Police-Blurring-Boundaries.pdf, (Accessed 19th October 2012) SIA, Home Office, (2012), ‘Public Space Surveillance (CCTV)’, http://www.sia.homeoffice.gov.uk/Pages/licensing-cctv.aspx, (Accessed 30th October 2012) The Economist, (1997), ‘Welcome to the new world of private security’, http://www.economist.com/node/86147, (Accessed 30th October 2012) The Guardian (2012), ‘Police Federation vice-chairman says privatisation could destroy service’, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/mar/03/police-federation-vice-chairman-warn ing, (Accessed 19th October 2012) The Metropolitan Police Force (2011), ‘Directorate of Human Resources’, http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/disclosure_2011/may/2011040001974.pdf, (Accessed 19th October 2012) The Metropolitan Police Force (2012), ‘New Constable’, http://www.metpolicecareers.co.uk/newconstable/pay_and_benefits.html, (Accessed 29th October 2012) The Telegraph, (2012), ‘Police pensions unaffordable as tax payer contributions near 2Bn’, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/9110995/Police-pensions-unaffordable-as-taxpayer-contributions-near-2bn.html, (Accessed 29th October 2012) The Telegraph, (2012), ‘We don’t want private companies patrolling the streets’, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/9584002/Yvette-Cooper-We-do-not-want-private-companies-patrolling-the-streets.html, (Accessed 30th October 2012) Theresa May MP, (2010), ‘Home Office’, Policing in the 21st century: Reconnecting Police and the people, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/consultations/policing-21st-century/policing-21st-full-pdf?view=Binary, (Accessed 30th October 2012) Tim Newburn, (2008), ‘Handbook of policing’, Policing since 1945, Willian, Second edition. 100 Treveor Jones and Tim Newburn, (2006), Plural Policing: A Comparative Study. Routledge, 1 Trevor Jones and Tim Newburn (1994), ‘The Transformation of Policing’, understanding current trends in policing, The Centre for Crime and Justice